The And Its Effects On The Culture - 1333 Words

Put yourself in this situation: It s a particularly sunny day, and no cloud in the sky. It s a normal day to you, and your going about your business. Carrying out your everyday deeds, believing in the most precious things that you hold to yourself, and then something strange occurs. A shadow of change swoops over your head. Your everyday priorities don’t matter anymore, and your greatest beliefs and goals become your greatest burden. But this imaginary situation is just a mere reality to those who have had their cultural values stripped from them. This situation meticulously depicts the the idea of Chinua Achebe, and the authenticity of the bearings that the Igbo culture had to go through in order to have a successful cultural syncamatic society. This includes religion, education, and economical ideas that are compelled on the culture. The idea enhances and expresses that the process of colonialistic movements can have a devastating outcome on the culture that is stripped from the civilization, thus invading influences on the culture such as missionaries or other colonialistic effect on native, indigenous cultures and traditional beliefs. The colonialistic argumentative novel, Things Fall Apart,by Chinua Achebe is a prodigious depiction on the idea of extreme force of one s ideas on another civilization. It provides a great base with substantial barrier for a solid argument towards the stripping of a civilian culture. The idea that the main character, Okonkwo, has toShow MoreRelatedCulture And Its Effects On Our Culture1298 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract It’s a given that culture powerfully influences thoughts, emotions and behaviors.In fact, culture operates at primary cognitive, perceptual and motivational levels. Culture is an important part of our blueprint for operation within our physical and social worlds. We are an insecure species and culture offers us a reduction of anxiety through its standard rules of thought, emotion and behavior. Culture offers predictability in an often unpredictable world. We see things through a culturalRead MoreCulture Cause And Effect Of Cultural Culture Essay739 Words   |  3 PagesCulture Cause and Effect A cultural analysis is the combination of many elements. Cultures have many traditions, customs, habits, beliefs, practices, and values. The cultures can have different traditions in their own essence. The traditions can came from their ancestors and people continue doing them. Other people does not like continue their own traditions and adapt others customs from others cultures. The cultures change from time to time or place to place. The enrichment of cultures consistRead MoreGlobalization And Its Effects On Culture1087 Words   |  5 PagesGlobalization is commonly examined by simply dissecting its political and economic consequences. As a result, the effects on culture are often overlooked. According to U.S. Census projections, by 2043 non-Hispanic whites will become a minority consisting of 47 percent of the U.S. population (Barreto, et al 1). Examining the world as a whole, a 2015 study by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs/Population Division fou nd that between 1950-2000, an average of 2.8 million peopleRead MoreAnimal Culture And Its Effects On Human Culture1777 Words   |  8 Pages Animal culture is studied through comparative studies between populations and locations, field observations, and laboratory experiments. It is important to be critical in evaluating the results of these studies because behaviors in artificial situations or captivity will be different than in the wild. Animals are likely to act differently when they are not in their natural environment. Behaviors will vary and the long lasting effects of the behaviors may not be visible (Lalaland, 2003). EvidenceRead MoreThe Effect Of Western Culture1873 Words   |  8 Pagesfocused on the effects of western culture, particularly the modern ideals of ultra-thin bodies, on non-western women. The author, Jaita Talukdar, decided to spend some time in India in order to conduct research on the topic. During her stay, she discovered many different things about these Indian women, including what motivates them to want to lose weight, their opinion on the current standards of beauty in western culture, and how these ideals have become ingrained into their culture. Talukdar touchedRead MoreThe Effects Of Hearing Culture On The Deaf Culture1331 Words   |  6 PagesIn light of Deaf Culture, it is truly fascinating how often hearing people rely on auditory information to obtain knowledge from their environment. An environment, in which all cultures live, typically releases some sort of auditory sound such as music, animal, human, and transportation noises. Likewise, the hearing culture has access to the latest information that our world continually creates or changes. The Deaf Culture does not have access to this auditory information that I have mentioned, butRead MoreEffect of culture in business1012 Words   |  5 Pagesfirms in the United States. Do you think that these American employees are being influenced by the foreign owners approach to management and the culture of the country of the owner? Because of globalization, businesses are open to do business in new markets and improving profits. Also because of globalization, companies are faced with different cultures, religion and norms. For a company to do business in another country, a manager needs to understand the differences associated with the host countryRead MoreCulture Shock And Its Effects On Society1004 Words   |  5 Pagesincreasing the recent years in every culture or country. Millions of students have to face the overwhelming challenge of living thousands miles away home and adapting to their new environment without disregarding their studies. Sojourners have to face adapting to a new culture, so they will deal with the â€Å"Culture Shock†. This phenomenon affects every kind of travellers from tourists to immigrants, so international students are not the exception of this. Culture shock is defined as the process of adjustmentRead MoreTelevision And Its Effect On American Culture1171 Words   |  5 P agesTrevor Alexander SOC 102 Dr. Adamo 2/17/15 Television and its effect on American culture When cable TV was introduced in the 1940’s, it opened up a whole new spectrum for channels and broadcasting. From that point on TV channels were expanding on ideas that people wanted to see, while also expressing themselves by making shows that people can relate to. TV both does, and does not have an effect on our American culture, due to the massive spectrum of channels and shows that we have in the presentRead MoreNegative Effects Of American Culture1453 Words   |  6 PagesA culture defines certain people as a whole and helps us distinct one from another. The culture that makes up the collective identity of a nation is made up from their values, beliefs, and attitudes in religion, education, government, geography, history etc. Specifically in American culture we are known for the creation of the Constitution, the Internet, and the Atomic bomb. All great achievements in American history some would say, but others could argue that they have been a disgraceful part of

Civilization Vs Civilization - 888 Words

Areil Castro kidnapped, abused, starved, tortured, and held three girls captive for ten years, Kermit Gosnell killed live babies under his cover as a doctor, and Charles Manson brutally murdered and tortured Sharon Tate and cut out her unborn child. One thing all these criminals have in commons is that they were all once innocent boys just like the boys in Lord of the Flies by William Golding. In the beginning of Lord of the Flies, the boys were innocent and playful but as the book progresses, the civilization they made came crashing down, the boys become psychologically imbalanced and their beliefs drastically changed as well as their behavior. Lord of the Flies portrays the civilization that the boys attempted to make but also the total†¦show more content†¦The littluns as well as some of the older boys wanted to have fun and just play around all the time when they first arrived but as the book progresses, most of the boys start acting like savages and can’t control their growing impulses and/ or their â€Å"Id.† Furthermore, the boys became psychologically imbalanced. Early in the book, the boys play around and have fun.†They looked at each other, baffled, in love and hate†¦ the shouting and splashing and laughing were only just sufficient to bring them together again† (Golding, 55). In the quote, it shows how the boys are careless and are enjoying themselves by playing with each other. As the story goes on, Jack finds it hard to control his â€Å"Id† and acts impulsively. â€Å"Id† is part of Freud’s structure of personality. It represents the pleasure principl e and it is present in everyone. It does whatever feels good and doesn’t care about reality only it’s own satisfaction. The quote, â€Å"Kill the beast! Cut his throat! Spill his blood!†shows the savage-like behavior the boys have been expressing. Jacks dark impulses cause him to kill the sow brutally where as before he was unable and afraid to hurt and kill a living creature. Jack couldn’t control his â€Å"Id† and as a result, he acted savagely and impulsively. The island represents both paradise and hell. Furthermore, when the boys first arrived, the island was like heaven/ paradise but as the book continues, when the boys begin acting savage-like, the more theShow MoreRelatedCivilization Vs Civilization770 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the dictionary, underneath the word civilization, it states â€Å"an advanced state of human society, in which a high level of culture, science, industry, and the government has been reached.† (Dictionary)However, Huntington describes to some degree, something polar opposite, civilization as a meaningful entity. That those nations, and its people, will not only be defined by what modern technology it possesses, but also by their cultural identities and the regions in which they reside withinRead MoreHammurabi Vs Civilization1668 Words   |  7 Pagestime, cultures have held many different characteristics that defined their society as civilized. The Babylonians and the ancient Hebrews are two ea rly cultures that with the help of written law were able to become more civilized and thrive as a civilization. As society became more advanced, new aspects added on to this definition of a civilized society, but, still, there are unchanging aspects that are shown in each example of a civilized community, which is seen in Rome almost 2000 years after theRead MoreLord of the Flies - Civilization vs Savagery2896 Words   |  12 Pagesbetween the ages of six and thirteen. It revolves around how the children cope without the structure of authority, civilization and the watchful eye of grown ups. Though the novel is fictional, its exploration of the idea of human evil is at least partly based on Golding’s experience with the real life violence and destruction of World War II. Free from the rules and structures of civilization and society, the boys on the island in Lord of the Flies descend into savagery. As the boys divide into groupsRead MoreLord of the Flies Allegory: Civilization vs. Savagery Essay883 Words   |  4 PagesLord of the Flies Allegory: Civilization vs. Savagery Every human has a primal instinct lying within them. It is not a question of how close to the actual surface it dwells, but rather how well an individual controls and copes with it. In a state of prolonged anguish and panic, what is one truly capable of? Can one remain sophisticated or will the temptation of their dark subconscious take over, bringing out the barbarianism which exists in us all? William Golding’s Lord of the Flies exploresRead MoreEssay about Lord of the Flies: Civilization vs Savagery775 Words   |  4 Pagesorder, and our savage will has been to act out for our own selfish needs. We each choose to live by one or the other depending on how we feel is the correct way to live. In this allegorical novel, William Golding represents the transformation from civilization to savagery in the conflict between two of the main characters: Ralph who represents law and order and Jack who represents savagery and violence. Lord of the Flies has remained a very controversia l novel to this day with its startling, brutal,Read MoreCivilization Vs Civilization777 Words   |  4 Pagesneed not worry about dangers he would be exposed to as a lone wolf. Civilization creates a place where all contribute to maintain unity and overcome their obstacles. The age old saying of â€Å" there is strength in numbers† rings true in this circumstance. Civilization was essentially born from mans core and most valued desire, to survive and thrive against all that would wish to cause him harm. Thus, in defense man created civilization with other man. No longer did the individual have to fend for himselfRead MoreCivilization Vs Civilization1775 Words   |  8 Pagesevil, which he put into Lord of the Flies (Golding.) Throughout the novel, Golding symbolized civilization in various aspects through a character or a certain object. As an example, Sam and Eric are always joined at the hip and do everything together, so they represent unity and alliance. In the beginning, the boys found a conch, which represented rules, democracy, and order, which every civilization needs. In the book William Golding created an amazing suspenceful plot in order to hook us intoRead MoreCivilization Vs Civilization Essay919 Words   |  4 Pagesplenty of freedom, considering that there are no grownups for miles. The novel exhibits a theme centered around civilization. William Goldings use of symbolism in the forms of the conch shell, the character, Jack, and Piggy’s glasses create the theme that the perfect civilization doesn’t exist. The conch, a shell used to call other members of the party for an assembly, represents civilization and order. The shell is the base of the society that the boys have created; the boys aren’t allowed to speakRead MoreLord Of Flies By William Golding1508 Words   |  7 Pages In the ‘Lord of flies’ by William Golding, the theme of civilization vs. Savagery is explored. When a bunch of children are stranded on an island, the conflict between savagery and the rules of civilization begins to split the boys into two groups. Throughout the novel, the conflict is exaggerated by the two main characters, Ralph and Jack. While Ralph uses his abilities to control the kids and be civilized on the island. Jack lets his impulses get to him and creates a group of which act like savagesRead MoreIs Civilization the Answer to the Chaos?1144 Words   |  5 PagesAs Mark Twain once said, â€Å"Civilization is the limitless multiplication of unnecessary necessities.† The soci ety believes that civilization is the solution to disorder and chaos, but sometimes it creates more problems than solutions. To the imperial Europeans, turning the natives into civilized human beings was the main goal, and that is why they felt as if it was their job to take over the natives’ lands. In general, civilization is seen as a solution to a utopian realm. William Shakespeare in The

The Secret Circle The Captive Chapter Eight Free Essays

string(38) " naked bulb hanging from the rafters\." â€Å"It was a hurricane,† Diana said. It was Monday, and Diana was back in school, still a bit sniffly, but otherwise well. They were talking before American history class; it was the first chance Cassie had had to speak to Diana alone. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Circle: The Captive Chapter Eight or any similar topic only for you Order Now She hadn’t wanted to bring the question up in front of the others. â€Å"A hurricane?† she said now. Diana nodded. â€Å"We get them every so often. That year it hit with practically no warning, and the bridge to the mainland was flooded. A lot of people got caught on the island, and a lot of people got killed.† â€Å"I’m so sorry,† Cassie said. Well, you see; there’s a perfectly reasonable explanation after all, she was thinking. How could she have been so stupid as to have freaked out over this? A natural disaster explained everything. And when Cassie had asked her grandmother about the mound at the cemetery last night, the old woman had looked at her, blinking, and finally said, was there a mound at the old burying ground? If there was, it might be some sort of bunker-a place for storing ammunition in one of the old wars. Again, a simple explanation. Laurel and Melanie came in and took seats in front of Cassie and Diana. Cassie took a deep breath. â€Å"Melanie, I went back to the cemetery yesterday to look for your crystal-but I still couldn’t find it. I’m sorry; I guess it’s gone for good,† she said. Melanie’s gray eyes were thoughtful and serious. â€Å"Cassie, I told you that night it didn’t matter. The only thing I wish is that you and Adam and Nick and Deborah hadn’t run off without the rest of us. It was dangerous.† â€Å"I know,† Cassie said softly. â€Å"But right then it didn’t seem dangerous-or at least, it did, but I didn’t have time to think about how dangerous it really was. I just wanted to find whatever killed Jeffrey.† She saw Melanie and Diana trade a glance; Melanie surprised and Diana rather smug. Cassie felt vaguely uncomfortable. â€Å"Did Adam tell you anything about what we were talking about out in the cemetery?† she asked Diana. â€Å"About Faye and Sally?† Diana sobered. â€Å"Yes. But it’s all ridiculous, you know. Sally would never do anything like that, and as for Faye†¦ well, she may be difficult at times, but she certainly isn’t capable of killing anybody.† Cassie opened her mouth, and found herself looking at Melanie, whose gray eyes now reflected something like head-shaking cynicism. She looked back at Diana quickly and said, â€Å"No, I’m sure you’re right,† but she wasn’t. Melanie was right; Diana was too trusting, too naive. Nobody knew better than Cassie just what Faye was capable of. Ms. Lanning was starting class. Laurel and Melanie turned around, and Cassie opened her book and tried to keep her mind on history. That entire school week was strange. Jeffrey’s death had done something to the outsider students; it was different than the other deaths. Kori had been a Club member, or practically, and the principal hadn’t been very popular. But Jeffrey was a football hero, one of their own, a guy just about everyone liked and admired. His death upset people in a different way. The whispers started quietly. But by Wednesday Sally was saying openly that Faye and the Club had killed Jeffrey. Tension was building between Club members and the rest of the school. Only Diana seemed unaware of it, looking shocked when Melanie suggested that the Circle might not be welcome at Jeffrey’s funeral. â€Å"We have to go,† she said, and they did go, except Faye. As for Faye†¦ Faye spent the week quietly seething. She hadn’t forgiven Suzan and Deborah for helping to get Cassie ready for the dance, she hadn’t forgiven Nick for snubbing her, and she hadn’t forgiven the rest of them for witnessing her humiliation. The only people she wasn’t furious with were the Henderson brothers. When Jeffrey’s death was mentioned, she looked hard and secretive. Every day Cassie expected to get a phone call with some bizarre new demand, some new blackmail. But, for the moment, Faye seemed to be leaving her alone. It was Friday afternoon, car-pooling home after school, that Laurel mentioned the Halloween dance. â€Å"Of course you’re coming, Cassie,† she said as they dropped Cassie off at Number Twelve. â€Å"You have to. And you’ve got plenty of time, two weeks, to think of somebody to ask.† Cassie walked into the house with her legs feeling weak. Another dance? She couldn’t believe it. One thing she knew: It couldn’t be anything like the last one. She wouldn’t let it be. She’d do what Laurel said, she’d find somebody to go with-and then she’d just stick with him the entire time. Somebody, anybody. Sean, maybe. Cassie winced. Well, maybe not anybody. Starved for attention as he was, Sean might end up being a problem himself. She might never get rid of him. No, Cassie needed some guy to be an escort and nothing else. Some guy who would absolutely not get interested in her, under any circumstances. Some guy who’d be completely indifferent. . . A vision flashed through her mind, of mahogany eyes, rich and deep and absolutely dispassionate. Nick. Nick didn’t even like girls. And Faye wouldn’t care; Faye wasn’t even speaking to Nick anymore. Nick would be safe-but would he ever want to go with her to a dance? Only one way to find out, she thought. Nick was Deborah’s cousin, and lived with her parents at Number Two Crowhaven Road. The peach-colored house was run-down, and the garage was usually open, showing the car Nick was continually working on. Adam had said it was a ’69 Mustang coupe, which was something special. Right at the moment, though, it looked like a skeleton up on blocks. When Cassie walked in late that afternoon, Nick was bent over the workbench, his dark hair shining faintly in the light of the naked bulb hanging from the rafters. You read "The Secret Circle: The Captive Chapter Eight" in category "Essay examples" He was doing something with a screwdriver to a part. â€Å"Hi,† Cassie said. Nick straightened up. He didn’t look surprised to see her, but then Nick never looked surprised. He didn’t look particularly happy to see her either. He was wearing a T-shirt so covered with grease stains that it was difficult to read the slogan underneath, but faintly Cassie could make out the odd words Friends don’t let friends drive Chevys. Cassie cleared her throat. Just walk in and ask him, she’d thought-but now that was proving to be impossible. After a moment or two of staring at her, waiting, Nick looked back down at the workbench. â€Å"I was just walking to Diana’s,† Cassie said brightly. â€Å"And I thought I’d stop by and say hi.† â€Å"Hi,† Nick said, without looking up. Cassie’s mouth was dry. What had ever made her think she could ask a guy to a dance? So what if lots of guys had wanted to dance with her last time; that had probably just been a fluke. And Nick certainly hadn’t been hanging around her. She tried to make her voice sound casual. â€Å"So what are you doing †¦Ã¢â‚¬  She had meant to ask â€Å"for the Halloween dance† but her throat closed up and she panicked. Instead she finished in a squeak, â€Å"†¦ right now?† â€Å"Rebuilding the carburetor,† Nick replied briefly. â€Å"Oh,† Cassie said. She searched her mind desperately for some other topic of conversation. â€Å"Um†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She picked up a little metal ball from the workbench. â€Å"So-what’s this for?† â€Å"The carburetor.† â€Å"Oh.† Cassie looked at the little ball. â€Å"Uh, Nick, you know, I was just wondering†-she started to set the ball back down-â€Å"whether you might, um, want to-oops.† The ball had shot out of her sweaty fingers like a watermelon seed, landing with a ping somewhere under the workbench and disappearing. Cassie looked up, horrified, and Nick slammed down the screwdriver and swore. â€Å"I’m sorry-honest, Nick, I’m sorry-â€Å" â€Å"What the hell did you have to touch it for? What are you doing here, anyway?† â€Å"I†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Cassie looked at his wrathful face and the last of her courage left her. â€Å"I’m sorry, Nick,† she gasped again, and she fled. Out of the garage and down the driveway. Without thinking she turned right when she got to the street, heading back for her own house. She didn’t want to go to Diana’s, anyway- Adam was probably there. She walked up Crowhaven Road, her cheeks still burning and her heart thumping. It had been a stupid idea from the beginning. Suzan was right; Nick was an iguana. He didn’t have any normal human emotions. Cassie hadn’t expected him to want to go to the dance with her in the first place; she’d just thought maybe he wouldn’t mind, because he’d been nice to her in the boiler room that night. But now he’d shown his true colors. She was just glad she hadn’t actually asked him before she’d dropped the ball-that would have been the ultimate embarrassment. Even as it was, though, her chest felt tight and hot and her eyes felt sore. She kept her head carefully high as she passed Melanie’s house, and then Laurel’s. She didn’t want to see either of them. The sun had just set and the color was draining out of everything. It gets dark so early these days, she was thinking, when the roar of a motor caught her attention. It was a black Suzuki Samurai with the license plate FLIP ME. The Henderson brothers were in it, Doug driving too fast. As soon as they spotted her they pulled over and stuck their heads out the windows, shouting comments. â€Å"Hey, what’s a nice girl like you doing in a neighborhood like this?† â€Å"You wanna party, Cassie?† â€Å"C’mon, baby, we can show you a good time!† They were just harassing her for the fun of it, but something made Cassie look up into Doug’s tilted blue-green eyes and say nervily, â€Å"Sure.† They stared at her, nonplussed. Then Chris burst into laughter. â€Å"Cool; get in,† he said, and opened the passenger side door. â€Å"Wait a minute,† Doug began, frowning, but Cassie was already getting in, Chris helping her up the high step. She didn’t know what had possessed her. But she was feeling wild and irresponsible, which she guessed was the best way to be feeling when you were with the Henderson brothers. â€Å"Where are we going?† she asked as they roared off. Chris and Doug looked at each other cagily. â€Å"Gonna buy some pumpkins for Halloween,† Chris said. â€Å"Buy pumpkins?† â€Å"Well, not buy, exactly,† Chris temporized. For some reason, at this particular moment, that struck Cassie as funny. She began to giggle. Chris grinned. â€Å"We’re goin’ down to Salem,† he explained. â€Å"They have the best pumpkin patches to raid. And if we get done early enough we can hide in the Witch Dungeon and scare the tourists.† The Witch Dungeon? thought Cassie, but all she said was, â€Å"Okay.† The floor of the minijeep was littered with bottles, bits of pipe, rags, Dunkin’ Donut bags, unraveling cassette tapes, and raunchy magazines. Chris was explaining to Cassie about how to construct a pipe bomb when they reached the pumpkin patch. â€Å"Okay, now, shut up,† Doug said. â€Å"We’ve gotta go around back.† He turned the lights and engine off and cruised. The pumpkin patch was a huge fenced enclosure full of pumpkins, some piled up, some scattered across the ground. Doug stopped the Samurai just behind a large pile by the booth where you paid for the pumpkins. It was fully dark now, and the light from the enclosure didn’t quite reach them. â€Å"Over the fence,† Doug mouthed, and to Cassie: â€Å"Stay here.† Cassie was glad he didn’t want her to climb it; there was barbed wire at the top. Chris laid his jacket on it and the two boys swarmed over easily. Then they calmly started handing pumpkins over the fence. Chris gave them to Doug, who stood on the pile and dropped them to Cassie on the other side, motioning her to put them in the back seat of the jeep. What on earth do they want with all of these, anyway? Cassie wondered dizzily as she staggered back with armload after armload. Can you make a bomb out of a pumpkin? â€Å"Okay,† Doug hissed at last. â€Å"That’s enough.† He swarmed back over the fence. Chris started to climb over too, but just at that moment there was a frenzied barking and a large black dog with wiry legs appeared. â€Å"Help!† squawked Chris. He was caught hanging over the top of the fence. The Doberman had him by the boot and was worrying it furiously, snarling. A man exploded out of the booth and began yelling at them and shaking his fist. â€Å"Help! Help!† Chris shouted. He started to giggle and then yelped, â€Å"Ow! He’s takin’ my foot off! Ow! Help!† Doug, his strange slanted eyes glittering wildly, rushed back to the jeep. â€Å"Gonna kill that dog,† he said breathlessly. â€Å"Where’s that army pistol?† â€Å"Hold on, Max! Hold him till I get my shotgun!† the man was yelling. â€Å"Ow! He’s chewin’ on me! It hurts, man!† Chris bellowed. â€Å"Don’t kill him,† Cassie pleaded frantically, catching Doug by the arm. All she needed was for him and the pumpkin man to start shooting at each other. Doug continued ransacking the litter on the jeep’s floor. â€Å"Don’t kill the dog! We can just give him this,† Cassie said, suddenly inspired. She snatched up a Dunkin’ Donuts bag with several stale doughnuts in it. While Doug was still looking for a gun, she ran back to the fence. â€Å"Here, doggy, nice doggy,† she gasped. The dog snarled. Chris continued bellowing; the pumpkin man continued yelling. â€Å"Good dog,† Cassie told the Doberman desperately. â€Å"Good boy, here, look, doughnuts, see? Want a doughnut?† And then, surprising herself completely, she shouted, â€Å"Come here! NOW.† At the same time, she did-she didn’t know what. She did†¦ something†¦ with her mind. She could feel it going out of her like a blast of heat. It hit the dog and the dog let go of Chris’s foot, hind legs collapsing. Belly almost on the ground, it slunk over to the fence and crouched. Cassie felt tall and terrible. She said, â€Å"Good dog,† and tossed the doughnut bag over the fence. Chris was scrambling over in the other direction, almost falling on his head. The dog lay down and whined pitifully, ignoring the doughnuts. â€Å"Let’s go,† Chris yelled. â€Å"Come on, Doug! We don’t need to kill anybody!† Between them, he and Cassie bundled the protesting Doug into the jeep and Chris drove off. The pumpkin-seller ran after them with his shotgun, but when they reached the road he gave up the chase. â€Å"Ow,† Chris said, shaking his foot and causing the jeep to veer. Doug muttered to himself. Cassie leaned back and sighed. â€Å"Okay,† Chris said cheerfully, â€Å"now let’s go to the Witch Dungeon.† The Salem Witch Dungeon Museum looked like a house from the outside. Chris and Doug seemed to know the layout well, and Cassie followed them around the house, where they slipped in a back entrance. Through a doorway Cassie glimpsed what seemed to be a small theater. â€Å"That’s where they do the witch trials,† Chris said. â€Å"You know, like a play for the tourists. Then they take ’em down here.† A flight of narrow stairs plunged down into darkness. â€Å"Why?† Cassie said. â€Å"It’s the dungeon. They give ’em a tour. We hide in the corners and jump up and yell when they get close. Some of ’em practically have heart attacks,† Doug said, with his mad grin. Cassie could see how that might happen. As they made their way down the stairs it got darker and darker. A dank, musty odor assaulted her nostrils and the air felt very cool. A narrow corridor stretched forward into the blackness, which was broken only by tiny lights at long intervals. Small cells opened out from either side of the corridor. The whole place had a heavy, underground feel to it. It’s like the boiler room, Cassie thought. Her feet stopped moving. â€Å"Come on, what’s wrong?† Doug whispered, turning around. She could barely see him. Chris came back to the foot of the stairs and looked into her face. â€Å"We don’t have to go in there yet,† he said. â€Å"We can wait here till they start to come down.† Cassie nodded at him gratefully. It was bad enough standing on the edge of this terrible place. She didn’t want to go in until she absolutely had to. â€Å"Or †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Chris seemed to be engaging in some prodigious feat of thought. â€Å"Or†¦ we could just leave, you know.† â€Å"Leave now? Why?† Doug demanded, running back. â€Å"Because †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Chris stared at him. â€Å"Because†¦ because I say so!† â€Å"You? Who cares what you say?† Doug returned in a whispering shout and the two of them began to scuffle. They’re not really scary after all, Cassie thought, a little dazedly. They’re more like the Lost Boys in Peter Pan. Peculiar, but sort of cute. â€Å"It’s all right,† she said, to stop their fighting. â€Å"We can stay. I’ll just sit down on the stairs.† Out of breath, they sat down too, Chris massaging the toe of his boot. Cassie leaned against the wall and shut her eyes. She could hear voices from above, someone talking about the Salem witch trials, but only snatches of the lecture got through to her. She was drained from everything that had happened today, and this dreadful place made her feel sick and fuzzy. As if she had cobwebs in her brain. A woman’s voice was saying, â€Å". . . the royal governor, Sir William Phips, established a special court to deal with the cases. By now there were so many accused witches†¦Ã¢â‚¬  So many fake witches, Cassie thought hazily, half listening. If that woman only knew about the real witches lurking in her dungeon. â€Å". . . on June tenth, the first of the convicted witches was publicly executed. Bridget Bishop was hung on Gallows Hill, just outside of Salem.. .† Poor Bridget Bishop, Cassie thought. She had a sudden vision of Jeffrey’s swinging feet and a wave of nausea passed over her. Probably Bridget’s feet had been swinging when they hung her, too. â€Å". . . by the end of September eighteen other people had been hung. Sarah Goode’s last words †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Eighteen. That’s a lot of swinging feet. God, I don’t feel well, thought Cassie. â€Å". . . and a nineteenth victim was pressed to death. Pressing was a form of Puritan torture in which a board was placed on the victim’s chest, and then heavier and heavier rocks were piled on top of the board †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Ugh. Now I really don’t feel well. Wonder how it feels to have rocks piled on you till you die? Guess I’ll never know since that doesn’t happen much today. Unless you happen to be caught in a rockslide, or something †¦ With a jerk, Cassie sat up straight, the cobwebs swept out of her brain as if by a blast of icy wind. Rockslide. Avalanche. Mr. Fogle, the high-school principal, had found out what it was like to have rocks piled on you till you died. Weird coincidence. That was all it was. But†¦ Oh, my God, Cassie thought suddenly. She felt as if her entire body were plugged into something electric. Her thoughts were tumbling over each other. Rockslide. Pressed to death. Same thing, really. And hanging. The witches were hanged†¦ just like Jeffrey Lovejoy. Oh, God, oh, God. There had to be a connection. â€Å"†¦ never know how many died in prison. In comparison to the conditions there, the swift oblivion of a broken neck may have been merciful. Our tour will now take you-â€Å" Broken neck. A broken neck. Kori’s neck had been broken. Cassie thought she was going to faint. How to cite The Secret Circle: The Captive Chapter Eight, Essay examples

Cognitive Development free essay sample

Process Essay Cognitive Development There have been many different areas of interest in the field of psychology. The most popular area is the cognitive development of children. Cognitive development is the growth in childrens ways of thinking about and interacting with their environment. Some of the famous theorists concerning in the development of cognitive human development are Freud, Erikson and Piaget. The most accurate theory is Piaget’s theory. His theory provided many fundamental concepts in the field of developmental psychology and concerned the growth of intelligence. Piaget divided the cognitive development into four stages period that children use to understand the world, roughly correlated with and becoming increasingly sophisticated with age: The first stage is the sensorimotor stage that begins from birth until two years of age. During this stage, the child is concerned with gaining motor control and learning about physical objects. Children are curious explorers and try to the think about the world by interacting with it. But as more experiment and large number of researches were conducted, those revealed that the mental organizing and processing information occupied critical position during learning process which refer to cognitive approach. Cognitive approach emphasizes the learners’ characteristics and mental work compared with earlier associationism and behaviorism. During learning process which under cognitive approach, the learner are assumed to be active information processor and the previous knowledge which existing learners mind interacting with new information leads to learning outcome. As educational instructors, more attention should be allocated to how to actively motivate learners such as using reward and instructional objects in order to improve the learning outcome. Secondly, under the situation of fully knowing the importance and procedure of how cognitive approach working, intervention the cognitive process in different age level is adopted which considered as a method to improve the learning outcome. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development establishes an example of it. Piaget’s theory describes four stages of cognitive development of children which are sensorimotor, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage and formal operational stage. At the first stage sensorimotor, which around from birth to age 2, (Educational Psychology (2013)) children are lack of languages and internal representation and behaviors are limited as well. According Piaget’s theory, object performance is the most achievement among this stage. Object performances represents the ability of infants to realize that an object is permanent exists even though cannot be seen. An example is peek-a-boo, an younger infant believe that the object is vanished and would laugh when the object shows up again, however, an older infant who aware the object performance would understanding the object is still there no matter is be seen or not. Second stage of Piaget’s work is called preoperational which approximately from age two to seven (Educational Psychology (2013)). At this stage, languages development is the most significant performance, other feature is egocentrism which means that children would only see the thing form their own perspectives and difficult to understand other’s point of views. A well-known Piaget’s experiment is â€Å"three mountain tasks†. A child sits in front of an mountain asked what view can be seen from this angle and then asked what view can others can see in a different angle while the child still on the original position. The answer is till the views that the child can see from his or her position. This task shows that children around this age are egocentrism. Irreversibility and conservation are also the characteristic among this age. The third stage is called concrete operational which around age seven to eleven (Educational Psychology (2013)). Among this age, children start to think things logically and more mental operation but still have difficult to understanding abstract and hypothetical concepts, loss of egocentrism, irreversibility and able to consider different perspectives are other accomplishment during this stage. The final stage from age eleven to adulthood is called formal operational (Educational Psychology (2013)). During this stage people begin to consider abstract concept, imply more logical thought and deductive reasoning. Finally, education implication is also important to cognitive development. Different stages requiring different teaching skills. At sensorimotor stage educational instructor can provide a rich stimulating environment and allow the child to play with toys. For children at preoperational stage, hands-on practice, props and visual aids should be encouraged, educational instructors don not expect the child to understand different perspectives, and instruction should be short and more using actions as well as words. Educational instructor for children on concrete operational stage should provide more chance to classify and group objects, give children the chance to manipulate objects and test out ideas, using familiar example to explain new ideas and presentation should be brief and organized. For people on formal operational stage, educational instructor should continue use strategies and materials used in former stage, provide opportunity to explore various hypothetical problems and teaching concepts not just facts. In conclusion, cognitive activities are related to process information through mental procedure. Although Piaget’s theory of cognitive development may not perfection, inspiring and encourage people to discover and explore the cognitive activities would continues. Schema Theory Schemas refer to mental process of understanding and knowing information. The schema theory suggests that existing schemas will influence cognitive process. If information is missing, the brain fills in blank based on existing schemas and creates memory alterations. For example, a kid has a schema about cats. If this kid’s own experience about cats is small cat, clean and four legs. And the child could think that all cats are small, clean and four legs. Assume the child saw a large cat, the child will then take the new information, altering the existing scheme about cat to including this new information. Schemata are actually do not exist, they are hypothesized data framework which indicated that information or knowledge store in memory. Schema can be assimilated and accommodated according to Piaget’s theory and those are also key concepts of Piaget’s theory (Educational Psychology (2013)). Assimilation refers to a process that takes new information to existing schema. The example above shows when a child seeing a cat and then mark it as a cat, is an example assimilating an animal to animal schema. Accommodation refers to a process that alerting existing schema in order to adopt the new information. References Bruning. H. , Schraw J. , amp; Norby. M. Cognitive Psychology and Instruction (Fifth Edition). 501 Boylston Street, Boston: Allyn amp; Bacon Educational Psychology (2013): Formal Operational Stage of Cognitive Development, from About. com Educational Psychology web site: http://psychology. about. com/od/piagetstheory/p/formaloperation. htm Educational Psychology (2013): Background and Key Concept of Piaget’s Theory, from About. com Educational Psychology web site: http://psychology. about. com/od/piagetstheory/a/keyconcepts. htm Cognitive Development. What is cognitive development 1-2. From Google Database.

The Crucible Essays (390 words) - Salem Witch Trials, The Crucible

The Crucible The witch trials in Salem, Massachusetts in the early sixteen hundreds was a time of uneasiness and suspicion. Anyone could easily turn in his or her neighbor on the ground of witchcraft. Someone could merely say their neighbor's spirit had attacked them during the night, which no man can prove. Nevertheless, as a God-fearing community, they could not think of denying the evidence, because to deny the existence of Evil is to deny the existence of Goodness, which is God. The most important scene in the play was act two, scene three, where John Proctor is able to talk with his wife, Elizabeth, one last time. He decides that he will "confess" to the crime of witchcraft, thereby avoiding being hung. However, to accept what he said, the judge also requires him to sign a written confession which states that he confessed to the crime of witchcraft. Judge Danforth would post it on the church door, to use Proctor as an example to get other people to confess. That upset Proctor greatly, because people would look down on him with disdain, and it would blacken forever his name. What was most important to him was to make a ezd against the insanity of the town, for himself and for God, and using that as a last resort to make people aware of what was happening. This last ezd for righteousness is an example of proctor's great character and rationale. Arthur Miller wrote his play, The Crucible, a story about the Salem witch trials, and the panic resulting from it, as an allegory to show people the insanity of the McCarthy hearings. He wrote it as an allegory so that, if tried by McCarthy, he could say, "it's just a play about the witch trials in Salem. How do you get this communist idea from it?" The story illustrates how people react to mass hysteria, created by a person or group of people desiring fame, as people did during the McCarthy hearings. Arthur Miller, acting as a great visionary, warned us that if we did not become aware of history repeating itself, our society would be in danger. At the same time, he had to do this in a matter that would not get him arrested, hence the witch-trial mechanization.

Learn the Pros and Cons of Ethanol and Its Production

Learn the Pros and Cons of Ethanol and Its Production Ethanol is simply another name for alcoholthe liquid made from the fermentation of sugars by yeasts. Ethanol  is also called  ethyl alcohol  or  grain  alcohol  and is abbreviated as EtOH. In the context of alternative fuels, the term refers to an alcohol-based fuel that is blended with gasoline to produce a fuel with a higher octane rating and fewer harmful emissions than unblended gasoline.  The chemical formula for ethanol is CH3CH2OH. Essentially, ethanol is ethane with a hydrogen molecule replaced by a  hydroxyl radical,OHwhich is bonded to a  carbon atom. Ethanol Is Made from Grains or Other Plants No matter what it is used for, ethanol is produced by processing  grains such as corn, barley, and wheat. The grain is first milled, then fermented with yeast in order to transform the grains starches into alcohol. A distillation process then increases the ethanol concentrations, such as when a liquor distiller refines whiskey or gin through a distilling process. In the process, waste grain is produced, which is usually sold as livestock feed. Another by-product, the carbon dioxide produced,   can be used in other industrial applications.  Another form of ethanol, sometimes called bioethanol, can be made from many types of trees and grasses, although the fermentation and distilling process is more difficult. The United States produces close to 15 billion gallons of ethanol a year, mostly in states close to large-scale corn growing centers. The top producing states are, in order,   Iowa, Nebraska,   Illinois, Minnesota, Indiana, South Dakota, Kansas, Wisconsin, Ohio and North Dakota. Iowa is by far the largest producer of ethanol, producing more than 4 billion gallons a year.   Experiments are underway on the possibility of using sweet sourgum as a source of fuel ethanol, which can be grown with only about 22% of the irrigation water required for corn. This may make sourgum a viable choice for regions with water shortages.   Blending Ethanol with Gasoline Blends of at least 85 percent ethanol are considered alternative fuels under the Energy Policy Act of 1992. E85, a blend of 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline, is used in flexible fuel vehicles  (FlexFuel), which are now offered by most major auto manufacturers. Flexible fuel vehicles can run on gasoline, E85, or any combination of the two. Blends with more ethanol, such as E95, are also premium alternative fuels. Blends with lower concentrations of ethanol, such as E10 (10 percent ethanol and 90 percent gasoline), are sometimes used to increase octane and improve emissions quality but are not considered alternative fuels. A good percentage of all gasoline sold now is E10, containing 10 percent ethanol.   Environmental Effects A blended fuel like E85 produces less carbon dioxide, the single most important greenhouse gas responsible for climate change. In addition, fewer volatile organic compounds are emitted by E85.   Ethanol  is not without its environmental risks, however, because when burned in internal combustion engines, it produces significantly more formaldehyde and other compounds that can increase ground levels of ozone.   Economic Benefits and Drawbacks Ethanol production supports farmers by offering subsidies to grow corn for ethanol, thereby creating domestic jobs. And because ethanol is produced domestically, from locally grown crops,   it reduces U.S. dependence on foreign oil and increases the nation’s energy independence On the flip side, growing corn and other plants for ethanol production requires a lot of farmland, monopolizing fertile soil which instead could be used to grow food that might feed the worlds hungry. Corn production is especially needy in terms of  synthetic fertilizer and  herbicide,  and it frequently leads to  nutrient  and  sediment pollution. According to some experts, the production of corn-based ethanol as an alternative fuel  may end up requiring  more energy than the fuel can generate, especially when counting the high energy costs of synthetic fertilizer production.   The corn industry is a powerful lobby in the U.S., and critics argue that corn-growing subsidies are no longer aiding smaller family farms, but are now mostly of benefit to the corporate farming industry. They argue that these subsidies have outlived their usefulness and perhaps should be spent on efforts that more directly affect the public welfare.   But in a world of dwindling fossil fuel supplies, ethanol is an important renewable alternative which most experts agree has virtues that outweigh its drawbacks.

Tata Nano developing international markets Essay

Tata Nano developing international markets - Essay Example The company has generated approximate revenue of US$ 96.79 billion in 2013 (Tata Group, 2014). The income of the company accounts to almost 3.2% of total GDP in India. In January 2008, vehicle manufacturing segment of the Tata group, Tata Motors has launched a new car model named Tata Nano. The chairman claimed at the launching ceremony that Tata Nano was â€Å"people’s car†. The company advocated that the car would benefit the middle and lower middle income classes of the nation, who were unable to afford expensive cars (Tata Group, 2014). In addition to that, the vehicle was said to be manufactured after considering all safety standards, generated less pollution and highly fuel efficient in nature. The car has gained high success in the Indian automobile market. However, it should be noted that the product has acquired a global recognition and is regarded as cheapest car in the world. This research paper aims to study ways through which Tata Nano can be launched in ot her international markets. The context of the paper will also present an appropriate outline of the marketing plan for introducing the car in a new international market (Abeles, 2001). The non-blue zones in the above world map are markets where Tata Motors are yet to enter. Hence, it is evident that there are numerous new markets where Tata Motors can expand its business. Some markets from the above where Tata Nano is still not traded are: The political authorities of most world nations are actively promoting their domestic automobile industries. This is because progress of automobile industry of a nation helps in enhancing domestic income by generating higher employment opportunities (Alesina and Rodrik, 1994). It also helps in accumulating productive foreign direct investment and stimulates technology transfer within country borders. The government authorities in several countries have introduced new energy conservation policies for the automobile sector. In addition, the

My Ideas for a Utopia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

My Ideas for a Utopia - Essay Example Throughout the ages intellectuals have come up with a number of different proposals for an ideal government, each of these proposed ideas is based on a particular and limited view of humanity, some of these ideas are based on a very optimistic view of humans and present the masses of humanity as the epitome of sagacity and intelligence and fully capable of knowing their best interest and others are based on extremely pessimistic beliefs about the public and consider them to be no more than sheep to be lead by a wise ruler.  Marx desired a society in which there was no personal ownership (Marx and Engels 235) In Plato’s ideal republic, the men would even share wives and children (Plato 301). These ideas overemphasize the tendency of humans to cooperate with one another and share resources with one another, the fact that humans may also be intensely competitive with one another, liable to intense bouts of jealousy (especially sexual jealousy), may not have the same incentive t o work without personal ownership of property and in any system of joint effort, some will attempt to get a free ride by doing little of the labor and reaping an equal part of the benefits, is overlooked in these social systems. In my opinion, it is necessary to allow private ownership of property and means of production in order to maximize the incentive of each person to labor. In addition, the extraordinary love and affection shown to a child by its father are likely to be missing from a society where all the men are held to be equally responsible for each child. The system of having wives in common seems to be extremely exploitative of women and possibly impossible to impose without the use of coercion.   

Book review on the jungle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Book review on the jungle - Essay Example Moreover, one must have The Jungle in mind when listening to the conservative arguments for a better America. In their view, if businesses would be deregulated and if â€Å"superfluous† agencies, such as the Occupational Safety and Health Administration or the Environmental Protection Agency, or perhaps the Food and Drug Administration, could be defunded or eliminated, businesses would go gangbusters. They are also against unions. In other words, in the Conservative view, the United States should return to a time that is similar to the era surrounding The Jungle. However, as The Jungle shows, if there are no constraints on businesses and the only motive is profit, then workers and society in general, are the losers. There is no better argument for â€Å"excessive† regulations and labor unions than this book. Summary The novel The Jungle centers around the trials and tribulations of a Lithuanian immigrant named Jurgis Rudkus. Jurgis comes to America in the hope of having a better life and more opportunity than what he had in his home country. Instead, he finds an America where corruption runs rampant and there are few regulations on unscrupulous individuals and companies. Therefore there is little incentive to behave judiciously. For instance, Jurgis is taken advantage of by his boss in his meatpacking job and the conditions at the meatpacking factory are extremely poor. There was little inspection of what was going on in the slaughterhouses therefore there was a great chance that the meat would be contaminated by microbes. Moreover, the animals were treated extremely poorly. The book also describes a predatory lending scheme to which Jurgis and his bride, Ona, succumb, which drains their savings and leads to their eviction. Jurgis’ job alone is not enough to support the family, so Ona also has to take a job. However, Ona gets raped by her boss and, when Jurgis goes to defend her honor by attacking her boss, Phil Connor, Jurgis is imprisoned . There are other mishaps that befall Jurgis as well. Ona dies in childbirth, partially because of an incompetent midwife, Madame Haupt and Jurgis’ first child drowns in the muddy street. After this, Jurgis despairs and tries the life of an itinerant. However, he finds that he can only find temporary farm work, as he is turned out after the harvest. Eventually, Jurgis finds solace in socialism, as he gets involved in the socialist movement and a fellow socialist employs him. The book ends with Jurgis’ attendance at a socialist rally. Context Sinclair’s purpose for writing this book was to essentially wake up the American people to working conditions for the poor and expose corruption of those in power. It was an attempted contrast to the ideal of America, which is that America is the land of the free, home of the brave and stands up for liberty and justice, with the reality of America at that time. This reality was that America was a land of oppression and injus tice and the capitalists got rich on the backs of the workers. This was a time before the Food and Drug Administration, before there were regulations, before the Occupational Safety and Health Administration was formed. In this way, the novel is definitely a polemic, as it attacks the establishment directly, as well as the hierarchy of power in the country, by showing the microcosm of slaughterhouses in Chicago and the overall life of one immigrant. The novel is put into

Retained Earnings and Share Price Relationship in Pakistan

Retained Earnings and Share Price Relationship in Pakistan The objective of this research paper is to study the relationship between retained earnings and share price in the Pakistan stock market. For analysis, a sample of 40 listed companies was taken from Karachi stock market. In this research, variables data was taken from the period of 2005-2008. Simple Linear Regression technique was used to analyze the relationship between share price and retained earnings. A positive relation was found between retained earning and stock price. This paper supports the fact that retained earning is relevant in determining share price for a sample of firms listed in the Karachi Stock Exchange. As far as my knowledge is concerned, this paper is first to show that corporate earnings is a key driver of stock price change in the Pakistan. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Overview: Earnings and dividends occupied an important role in financial accounting research and finance. It is the most extensively accepted measure of firm performance. Attention was also given to earnings because it is commonly used in evaluating management performance. Perhaps the biggest reason for the attraction to earnings, though, lies with the notion that retained earnings serves as a predictor of future cash flows. Many theories have represented that the accrual earnings represents the best predictor and of future cash flows than the historical cash flows. A companys existence depends on its ability to make positive cash flows, and research confirmed that share price directly related to an entitys cash flow prediction. Thus, because earnings of the company are viewed as a key determinant of share price. Mary, Cram and Nelson (2001) found that the systematic ability of earnings can be improved when disaggregated into its major accrual components. One of the components was sales revenu e, which unpredictably ignored in the literature as a predictor of share price. The degree of relationship of earnings and cash flow, sales with share price was a aim of this study. Empirical studies indicate that when share prices are related to the current dividends and retained earnings, higher dividends are associated with higher price earning ratio. Graham and Dood assert that the impact of dividend on price is four times that of retained earnings; moreover, the studies of Myron Gorden, David Durand and others indicate that dividend multiplier is several times the retained earning multiplier. A very recent study on this topic has been done by Friend and Puckett for USA they concluded that in general, there is little basis for the view that dividends have an impact on price which is several times that of retained earnings. A firms ability to generate cash flow affects the value of its securities, so the ability to assess future cash flow was important for the investment communit y, both shareholders and creditors. While shareholders may be concerned with the stream of cash flows to perpetuity, many creditors were concerned solely the short term cash generating ability of a company. Problem statement: To investigate the Impact of Retained Earnings, Dividends on Share Price. Hypothesis H1: There is a positive relationship between Retained Earnings and Share Prices. Outline of the Study: Next section 2 is Literature review, section 3, methodology and data collection, section 4 results and summary, section 5 conclusion remarks Definition Retained earnings refers to the portion of net income which is kept by the companies rather than distributed to its owners as dividends. CHAPTER: 2 LITERATURE REVIEW The study relates to examine the relationship of earning with share price. When conservative accounting practices are observed by firms, the quality of its earnings can be affected by the changes in the amount of its investments. Increase in investment decreases reported earnings and creates reserves. Dropping investment releases those reserves and earnings increase. If there is temporary change in investment then earnings are depressed or inflate temporarily, it means that investment is not a fine indicator of future earnings. This paper contributes to the research on how the quality of earnings is affected by accounting methods. We define the term to mean that reported earnings, before unusual items that are recognized on the income statement, is of good quality if it is a good sign of future earnings. Thus we consider good earnings to be sustainable earnings, as referred to in financial analysis (Mulford and Comiskey,1996). When an accounting treatment produces weak earnings, we consider those unsustainable earnings to be of poor quality. Changes in dividends informs the investors about the determination of past earnings changes. The determination of earnings is the extent to which an unpredicted change in earnings revises hope of future earnings for the periods in the same way as the unexpected change. This uncertainty about the of earnings is determined as later earnings announcements for following quarters provide additional information. Investors assessments of the persistence of past earnings can be revised by the change in dividends because the managers are unwilling to increase (decrease) dividends unless earnings increase (decrease) are determined. We examine whether investors recognize a change in dividends as a sign about the determination of past earnings changes by examining the statistical relation between the market reaction changes in dividends and recent past earnings changes. Healy and Palepus (1988) stated that dividend changes managers private information about future earnings changes. They found a positive relation between abnormal returns and following changes in earnings. Financial statement analysis advocates examining the accrual and cash basis components of current earnings for the purpose of predicting future earnings. The nature of the information contained in the cash basis and accrual and components of earnings and the degree to which this information is reflected in share prices. The results specify that earnings show attributable to the accrual component of earnings exhibits lower persistence than earnings show attributable to the cash basis component of earnings. The firms with comparatively high (low) levels of accruals experience negative (positive) future stock returns that are determined around future earnings announcements. Although there is unreliable evidence that stock prices respond positively to firms meeting expectations. We observe whether there is a market return to meeting current period earnings expectations, and whether any such return reflects the implications for following earnings of meeting expectations in the current period or shows a distinct market premium. It seems reasonable to say that there is a wide agreement that either favorable earnings or dividend announcements can persuade positive abnormal stock returns. The effect of earnings announcements on share price changes has been recognized by Ball and Brown, Foster, Watts and Rendleman et al. The effect of dividend announcement was first highlighted by Pettit. Miller and Scholes , in a study focused primarily on dividends and taxes as a result they found significant evidence of a dividend declaration effect. Figures of earnings can be manipulated by accounting practices, and so may be interpreted with uncertainty by the investment community (Kaplan and Roll ). Similarly, dividend declarations are only a crude way to communicate information to capital markets. While both dividend and earnings data have been shown to influence share performance that the capital market would be interested in the consistency by earnings and dividend announcements. This might show the way to a validation effect on share prices. Confirmation from a collection of studies shows that equity value is related to accounting earnings (e.g., Ball and Brown 1968; Barth et al. 1992). However, in more reasonable settings with market imperfections, accounting methods can provide complementary information about book value and earnings. Balance sheet information provides net worth of resources of the firm. These information are based mostly on historical market prices and is therefore mainly independent of the achievement with which the firm currently employs its resources. On the other hand earnings from the financial statement provide a measure of value which reflects that how much of the resources are being employed by the firm from this earnings. There is a relationship between insider trading and the information captured by annual earnings for a large sample of firms. Insider trading changes the annual unexpected earnings. Insider buying interactively confirms the positive information captured by unexpected positive earnings and this communication reduces the noise in unexpected earnings. The result with regard to the adverse information captured by the group with insider selling and negative unexpected earnings is similar but less prominent. The examination also suggests that insider buying and selling conveys information not fully captured by current earnings. From the Ball and Brown (1968) several studies have documented that unexpected changes in earnings are related with unexpected changes in firm. Their work recognize that market agents learn about earnings and valuation related events from many information sources throughout the year. The financial reports issued by companies are the output of a fairly complete measurement process which also involves some preventive recognition and valuation rules. Hence, annual accounting earnings, at the time of its declaration, may contain a summary of some of the information already communicated to the market by more timely non financial sources. Graham and Dood attempted to study the role of the factors which influence share prices of joint stock companies. One naturally feels that the price of the shares of a company at a point of time will be governed by its future growth potential and past earnings. The past earnings of the firm is measured by the dividends and the price will be determined by dividend payout. Future growth potential or the forthcoming earning of the firm is indicated by the current years retained earning; so, the price of the share at a point of time will be governed by the dividend and retained earnings of the firm. The studies indicate that when share prices are related to the retained earnings and current dividends, higher price earning ratio are associated with higher dividends. Graham and Dood assert that the impact of dividend declaration on share price is four times that of retained earnings. Several factors influence the fluctuations of share prices. Among them, corporate earnings stand greatest in the minds of speculators and investors. It is a common belief for many people that current earnings and prices of common stocks move in strongly related and that changes in current earnings largely explanation for the fluctuations of share prices. CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODS Retianed earning has significant influence on the determination of share prices. To that degree investment in shares show to be growth oriented. Graham and DL Dood ;(1934);Scurity Analysis, USA. The analysis utilized Simple Linear Regression. The most basic test involved regressing the dependent variable Share Prices against the independent variables Retained Earnings. This provided a basic test of the relationship between Share Prices and Retained Earnings. The following regression was adopted: y=a+bx where y is the value of the dependent scale variable Share Prices b is the value of the coefficient, x is the value of the predictor Retained Earnings a Constant The expectation was that the Retained Earnings would be positively related to Share Prices. That is, increases in retained earnings the firm will be associated with an increase in the firms stock price. By contrast, firms with relatively higher earnings volatility or higher leverage will tend to display higher price volatility. DATA All the firms that were listed on the Karachi Stock Exchange from 2005 to 2008 have been taken for the research purpose. The annual data of these firms were taken from the various issues of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Balance Sheet Analysisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? published by State Bank of Pakistan. Price data has been taken from the annual reports and other annual publications of Karachi Stock Exchange. Data of daily price were taken from the ZHV Securities Karachi. All of those firms taken into account which has no missing information of data of variable that was included in research. Sample size A sample of 38 companies of Textile Industry listed in Karachi stock exchange from the period of 200-2008. Research Model developed Y= a + bx SP= (constant) + RE Statistical Technique Simple Linear Regression was used. CHAPTER 4: RESULTS FINDINGS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA ANOVAb Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 13595.856 1 13595.856 21.319 .000a Residual 95659.112 150 637.727 Total 109254.968 151 a. Predictors: (Constant), Retained Earnings b. Dependent Variable: Share Prices The ANOVA Table suggested that Retained Earnings explained significant amount of the variance in the Share Price. In above in model table p

A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams Essay -- Streetcar Desi

A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams MITCH: Lies, lies, inside and out, all lies. Referring to the two critical opinions, explore the extent to which the relationship between Mitch and Blanche is based on deception and self deception. Throughout Williams' play an unexpected relationship is developing before us. This is the one formed between Mitch and Blanche. Two very different characters who would appear to have nothing in common but when they dig deeper into each others personalities they find that have shared many past experiences and this gives them a basis for their relationship. However, after realising that Blanche is not the same person that she appears to be, Mitch begins to doubt anything that she has told him in the past. Can the audience blame him, as they know that she has even lied to her own sister. What makes her relationship with Mitch different to that she has with any other person? What makes him so special that she does not feel the need to lie to him? Mitch proposes to Blanche that everything that she has told him is a lie. That the person that he knows her as is make believe. "Lies, lies, inside and out, all lies" (Scene 9), is the phrase used by Mitch to convey his feelings to Blanche. He is right. Blanche had based all her relationships on lies since she had arrived in Stella and Stanley's house. She felt that it was the only way that she would be accepted by her sister and brother in law. She was never expecting to meet such a man as Mitch, but once he did appear she had to continue the deceit with him, to make sure that she did not incriminate herself, as she had already spun so many stories for Stella and Stanley. Mitch is a very weak character. He stays at home... ...and she is not as hard faced as she has seemed throughout the play. All she wanted was to have something to replace what disappeared when she lost Allan. There had obviously been something missing since he died, and that is what Blanche had been searching for, sadly everywhere she looked she only found herself in trouble. Cardullo sees her actions at the Flamingo, not necessarily as prostituting herself, she may not have thought of herself as a prostitute as most people would define it. She was on her mission to find that lost thing, "they got wised up after two or three dates with her," but maybe that was because they did not have the thing that she wanted, and she was just as much for them leaving as they were. Mitch was different however, she wanted him and did not want to lose him. That is why she had to deceive him to make sure that he did not leave.

Corporal punishment Essay

Introduction The performance of most South African schools fluctuates from time to time. These fluctuation trends are as a result of the micro-evolutionary mechanistic changes that consistently take place throughout the country. Some schools in the urban areas perform extremely well, but some perform poorly despite the available resources that the school have. For example some of these schools have laboratories that are highly functional and also well structured for experimental as well as practical work which enhances skills in learners and also intensifies the existing theoretical knowledge that the learners have, whereas in schools geographically featured in remote areas or should I say rural schools, these resources are scarce. Privileged learners in these schools (urban) do not utilize these resources appropriately. Most learners in rural areas come from very disadvantaged homes and go to disadvantaged schools. However, the performance in some of these schools is satisfactory. Some learners academically excel irrespective of the harsh conditions they have to encounter on a daily basis. These Excellencies are facilitated by educators, parents/guardians or community members who act as â€Å"steering† in the learning environment. Educators in these schools sympathize with their learners and thus dedicate themselves in everything they do which effectively enhance as well make active the mindset of learners irrespective of their spectral backgrounds. We often hear of these educators who play such critical roles in learner’s academic life in newspapers, community radio stations and also on televisions. Some of the work of these educators may not be globally recognized but the outcomes are truly appreciated in the South African context. Distinction between resilience and excellence The restoration from form unfavourable conditions due to environmental factors is referred to as resilience. Generally resilience according to Akhurst and Sader, 2012 is â€Å"the process of recovering quickly from misfortune or illness†. If resilience was to be explained in scientific terms: It can be explained as follows, â€Å"let’s consider a typical plant cell and see what happens when you place it in a saturated solution( solution containing an excessive amounts of solutes) , the plant cell shrinks, becomes smaller in size and temporarily lose form and shape. During the process, its contents are rearranged, altered and functionality ceases to operate. When you take the same plant cell and place it in pure water, the cell regains its contents and gets restored back to its original form. The plant cell does not die because there is a â€Å"resilient force† which prevents it from total annihilation. The plant cell stays dormant until its physiological conditions get restored†. Similarly in the context of resilience in schools, some schools are able to overcome the barriers associated with learning and continue with the production of good results irrespective of external factors. Excellence in simple terms can be described as the ability to do well or the production of positive outcomes. Excellence in schools can be assessed differenty depending on the schools primary purpose. For example schools that do well in mathematics regard themselves as being excellent whereas schools that perform well in Speech and drama also regards themselves also as being excellent. So in actual fact, the description of the excellent depends on the desired outcomes of that particular context. Excellence in schools Resilience in Relation to Excellence Corporal punishment was another way of shaping learners, that mischiveously stood on the way pathway of learners with the willingness to perform to produce outstanding results. (Christie, P, 2001, p52). Even though this is very unlawful, meetings based on corporal punishments are first discussed with the parents/guardians of the learners before a decision is taken. Some learners parents/guardians agrees, specifically those with children’s from black schools. The reason why they (parents) permit educators to give corporal punishment is simply because they were raised in a similar way which in a way instilled good discipline and also helped them to be responsible individuals. â€Å"Some parents still believe that abandoning corporal punishment by the government is the reason why learners perform poorly in their subjects at school. However, according to Christie, 2012, the banning of corporal punishment could not be the reason for poor performance in South African schools, because no evidence was gathered in the apartheid era. Some resilient learners were greatly aspired by pupils in the community, these included church, and community services. This is true, for example in my case after trying to give on school . i. e. at high school, some grown up folks that lived in the same neighbourhood as me, folks that i used to hang up with and take drugs encouraged and told me that dropping out of school was not an option for a person who really wants to be successful in life. At first when they said this, i questioned them about why did they drop out at standard 8 and 9, now known as grade 10 and 11 respectively? Unfortunately these guys did history while still at school and the response they gave was a quotation from former S. A president, Nelson Mandela, which stated that â€Å"A 70 year old can never think like a 30 year old, and being 70 years of age gives you the licence and priviledge that the 30 year old can never have†. The second quotation they gave was from Malcom X, which stated that,†The future belongs to those who prepare for it today†. Well at that stage all of this was meaningless to me as a science learner, but after being triggered by a discussion I had with one of my EDPD610 colleague (Ms Moodley) during the first contact session, I started to realise the in depth meaning that these guys were trying to convey to me 11 years ago. Conditions at that time for me were unfavourable, both mom and dad were uneducated, consumed liquor and I had to watch my father beat my mother almost every weekend, the home turned into a â€Å"gladiator ring† with my elder brother and I as the referees. I was good in mathematics and science at grade 8, but when I reached grade 10, the performance started to deteriorate because I started to take drugs and abandoned my soccer training in the afternoons. I joined wrong friends and isolated myself from my primary school buddies. Unfortunately one of my science teachers, Mrs S Padayachee detected the problem and confronted me directly. I received help, woke up and dusted myself, but it was too late for me to catch up with the material covered in grade 12. I ended passing with bad symbols and decided to repeat my matric. After repeating, I passed with good symbols, enrolled for Bsc degree at UKZN, graduated, and now i’m a science educator, with less than a year experience. Generally I feel revived, resurrected, and restored and have this immense power of wanting to infiltrate knowledge to South African learners. I managed to excel academically despite the repulsive forces that acted upon me, I managed to excel in overcoming my negative thoughts, I managed to excel in making my family proud of me because i’m the only person in the family to reach matric and have a degree. Best practices of teacher’s resilience in their schools Conclusion References 1) http://web. uvic. ca/hr/managertoolkit/changeandtransition/takingchargechange. pdf( date accessed 13/03/13) 2) Botha ,R. J(2004). Excellence in leadership : The demands the professional school pricinple. Retrieved 08 March 13, 2013http://www. ajol. info/index. php/saje/article/viewFile/24995/20678 3) Christie,P. (2001). Improving school quality in South Africa: a study of schools that have succeeded against the odds. Journal of Education , 41,45,52 4) Hattie, J (2003). Teachers make a difference: what is the research eveidence.

Demetrios G. Glinos Essay Example

Demetrios G. Glinos Essay Example Demetrios G. Glinos Paper Demetrios G. Glinos Paper Essay Topic: Orlando Demetrios G. Glinos is a visiting lecturer in Computer Science and Information Technology at Computer Science Department of the University of Central Florida. Here he is teaching such courses as Natural Language Understanding, Artificial Intelligence, Introduction to Discrete Structures, Evolutionary Computation, Numerical Calculus, Security in Computing, Computer Fundamentals for Business, and others. His research interests include artificial intelligence, natural language processing, question answering systems, secure computing, text mining, and plagiarism detection. Mr. Glinos received his B.S. in Physics and Mathematics from the Trinity College, Connecticut in 1973 (with Honors in Mathematics). He received his J.D. in Law from the Georgetown University 1976. Later, in 1999 he received his M.S, and in 2006 – his Ph.D. in Computer Science from the University of Central Florida. He worked as a Staff Engineer at Martin Marietta Aerospace in Denver and Orlando (1980 to 1989), where he served as Technical Lead for the Simulation and Computer Modeling Group and was the principal designer and team leader for some large-scale constructive simulation modeling efforts. Demetrios G. Glinos performed software and systems engineering requirements analyses, design studies, and supported numerous proposal efforts in both Denver and Orlando. He also maintained private offices in downtown Orlando, Florida, practicing in the areas of commercial real estate, estate planning, and probate and estate administration. He managed all aspects of a solo law practice, including advising clients, court appearances, drafting pleadings and documents, and timekeeping and accounting. Mr. Glinos worked as an Sr. Research Scientist at Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) from 1999 to 2011, where he served in some technical and project management roles. Demetrios G. Glinos is a founder and chief scientist for Advanced Text Analytics, a company, offering text analytics consulting services and solutions. Professor Glinos also worked as an Adjunct Instructor of Computer Science classes at Valencia College and as a Visiting Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics and Computer Science of Stetson University.

Before the Mayflower essays

Before the Mayflower essays An article Before the Mayflower goes into a discussion of development of racism in Europe and Americas. I shall use the facts provided by the author and the concepts of Marxism to analyze and dissect the origins of racism in Americas and Europe. With the discovery of Africa by Europeans a new era began in European trade. It was very profitable to trade with a newly discovered nation since they possessed many products wanted by European traders and would sell them cheaply for the goods theyve never seen before. Africans were royal and noble people who didnt see themselves inferior to Europeans nor did Europeans see Africans inferior in any way. Its interesting to see that Europeans saw Africans superior in some trades, an example of one would be agriculture, which was better developed in Africa than Europe. Religion found its way to Africa as well. Many preachers turned their steps onto a black continent in order to spread gods word. Many members of African tribes did turn into Catholicism and held important offices in Vatican. Many Africans were servants, military men, traders and scholar in Europe. They participated in discovery and exploration of the New World after its discovery by Columbus. Africans moved into Americas with their masters. It was commented by Washington Irving that These negroes, like the monks of the Dark Ages, engross all the Knowledge of the place, and being infinitely more adventurous and more knowing than their masters, carry on all the foreign trade... Majority of Negroes came to Americas as indentured servants. Like their white comrades, they didnt see a difference between being black and white indentured servant. They were rigidly accepted by white people and interracial marriages were common. Blacks had all the rights of whites, they were free after certain amount of years working for the master, could accumulate property, and...

Mountain Resort and its Outlying Temples, Chengde Essay

Mountain Resort and its Outlying Temples, Chengde - Essay Example Mountain Resort and its Outlying Temples, Chengde It is also the shortest river in the world, only 14.7 kilometers long. There are 11 magnificent temples in the outlying area, standing on the hills in a semi circle. They were usually referred to as the â€Å"Eight Outer Temples† because they were divided into eight sections under the administration of the Beijing-based Harmony and Peace Lamasery- a monastery for lamas. Only seven temples remained intact, including Puren Temple, Temple of Sumeru and Puning Temple. They consist of the largest temple building complex in China. The mountain resort and it outlying temples were inscribed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites at the 18th session of the World Heritage Committee in Phuket Thailand, December 12-17, 1994. It is described as a huge complex of temples, palaces, administrative offices and ceremonial buildings and these structures harmoniously blend into the landscape of lakes, pastures and forests. Moreover, they represent a variety of architectural styles and reflect the aesthet ic aspiration of imperial China of that period. I have chosen this site to write about for it has a fascinating architectural diversity, as well as a contrast between well developed bio diversity and a lack of water, deforestation and desertification. It is also very fascinating how after a disaster, a â€Å"heaven† can return to its prior heavenly state with the help of people who give their best to maintain the nature and keep the environment healthy as possible. Furthermore, it was most amazing to learn about the outlying temples and the divinity of the whole area and its uniqueness. Chengde mountain resort is divided into two sections: a palace section and a garden section.  The palace area is situated in the southern part of the resort, which is made up of the Main Palace, Pine-Crane Hall, Pine Soughing Valley and East Palace. The Main Palace consists of the Front Court and the Back Imperial Bedroom. The main hall of the Front Court was the place where all important ce remonies were held during the emperors staying in the mountain resort. The garden section can be further divided into a lake section, plains section, and mountain section. The lake section is on the north of the palace section and covers about 80 hectares; going north, you will get to the plains section where the Qing emperors held banquets and recreational activities. This area is mainly covered with grassland and woods; the mountain section is located in the northwestern part and four-fifths of the Mountain Resort is mountainous, sloping down from the northwest to the southeast. The Kuixing Pavilion is a tourist spot newly that was built upon the foundations of a former, ancient pavilion that had fallen into ruin. It is located atop Banbi Mountain in the south of city, the three main areas of this complex comprise a palace, square and garden zones. The whole architectural style is bright and colorful, and some cultural sights  Ã‚  can still be seen in this beautiful scenic spot. There are also many forest parks in and around Chengde, including Qingchuifeng and Liaoheyuan National Forest Parks, Beidashan Stone Sea Forest Park, and Liuliping Forest Park, etc. The Qingchui Cliff National Park, lying to the east of the city, is a natural park that features with a dramatic, lofty and steep formation called the Danxia Landform. The highlight of the park is the Qingchui Cliff, which is nearly 60 meters (197 feet) high and

Why do we have to pay $3 for a gallon of gas Research Paper

Why do we have to pay $3 for a gallon of gas - Research Paper Example It is important to note that the oil prices are dependent on the six super major companies of oil and gas. These super majors are BP, Chevron, ExxonMobil, Royal Dutch Shell and Total. Oil accumulates between various layers of the porous rocks or other subsurface. Thus, the main idea is to locate the right convergence necessary in creating the required oil pool. Geologists find possible oil locations to explore through aerial photographs. Initially, oil wells were drilled at random locations or around other established oil wells. However, now oil is located using a vibrator to cause vibrations that geologists listen to and process data using computers into seismic lines. Once a location is found, then the explorers now undertake the drilling process. After drilling the oil well, a measuring device is then lowered into this oil hole and the information about the earth properties are gathered (Research, 214). This information includes such aspects as the density, type of rock that is present and the fluid contained in the rocks. After finding this information, if the hole is promising, then the drilling process is continued. If this hole is not a good location requi red, then the hole is filled up and the entire process begins all over again. Main sources of oil drills The world gets its daily ration of over 85 million oil barrels from over 4000 fields. Most of these are small with less than 20000 barrels each day. However, there are major oil giants that produce over 100000bpd. Then there is the category of the mega fields that produce over 1000000 bpd. These are recognized as the most important sources of oil in the world. The top most of these mega oil giants is the Ghawar in Saudi Arabia. It accounts for over 100 billion oil barrels. It is 160 miles long and 16 miles in width. The secret to the reservoirs longetivity is its water injection. From the 1960s. Saudi Armco commenced injecting water underneath the

Marketing Strategies Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing Strategies - Case Study Example Factors identified that can affect the marketing strategy of the firm include; the marketing environment which includes everything from lifestyle changes to consumer education and the economic environment. Other than that the demographic environment with a special consideration to those who are interested in convenience eating , the cultural, natural, technological and political environment all play a key role in shaping the marketing strategy of this firm. The target market is an important consideration for any firm selling whichever product. A target market is the group of people for which a certain product is intended. It could be an age group for example products targeted for children such as Nesquik- a milkshake, a social class such as products targeted for the rich and status conscious like Rolex watches and a particular gender like Maybelline- it is a cosmetic targeted at women only. Other factors can also be brought into the picture and often integrated with other variables to form a target profile of the consumer. It is essential that the right target market is targeted so as to achieve the relevant objectives. If the right target market is not targeted any amount of promotional effort will not achieve marketing objectives and all efforts will go to waste. The target group for the product includes people who are health conscious and who are able and willing to invest in their health. They are also people who are willing to pay a premium price for the product therefore being loyal to the product. These are people who want a convenient lifestyle and are looking for on the go breakfasts which serve their nutritional purpose but are still not heavy on the stomach. The rising health concerns amidst the general public can be capitalized on and used for this purpose. It is expected that the target market will have some attachment for the product even though they have not been educated culturally on careful health choices.3 Market segmentation is the process of dividing a market into distinct subsets of consumers with common needs or characteristics and selecting one or more segments to target with a distinct marketing mix. Initially the world began with mass marketing. Products were targeted to anyone and everyone without any changes and modifications. This is exemplified by Henry Ford's model T example; ' in any colour they want it as long as it is black'. With time marketers have learnt that not all consumers are alike and they have different needs and wants. They need to be targeted differently and given different offerings to appeal to their taste. There are certain bases for segmentation that can be used to give a coherent and homogeneous cluster of individuals. These include geographic segmentation, demographic segmentation, psychographic segmentation and use-related segmentation etc. Not all bases are used at one time and only the relevant ones are considered. 9 The relevant segmentation bases for this product include demographic segmentation, psychological segmentation, and psychographic segmentation, use related segmentation and benefit segmentation. Therefore demographically the target market profile that we are looking at is an age group of 16-25, male and female, single and usually studying or just started working. Other than them young executives who have a busy and

Pocahontas Term Paper Essay Example for Free

Pocahontas Term Paper Essay In Camilla Townsend’s book, Pocahontas and the Powhatan Dilemma, Townsend points out that there are many historical inaccuracies and myths that are associated with the story of Pocahontas. Using historical evidence to support the story of Pocahontas, Townsend attempted to create an accurate timeline bringing the past to the present. At the same time, the Disney film Pocahontas attempted to depict Algonquian culture accurately, however, according to history, much of the material presented in the film is full of misconceptions and is historically imprecise. In fact, Disney’s Pocahontas epitomizes John Smith and Pocahontas as heroes who prevented a war between the Algonquian Native American tribes and the colonists who were living in Jamestown. However, historical evidence proves that at the time John Smith came into contact with Powhatan, Pocahontas was only a young child around the age of ten and, thus had very little influence over her father. Additionally, the film depicts John Smith as a leader who was looked up to by the other colonists, while historical records prove that he â€Å"had made many enemies by the time he had left Jamestown.†1 Disney inaccurately portrayed particular pieces of the Native American experience with the European colonists, specifically regarding Pocahontas, yet, it is important to consider the audience that this part of history was being presented to. One of the biggest historical inaccuracies presented in the Disney film Pocahontas is the love story between John Smith and Pocahontas. The fi lm exhibited John Smith and Pocahontas as falling madly in love at first sight. This love is represented in the film through the â€Å"colors of the wind† which can often be seen circling Smith or Pocahontas. In the book, Townsend provides evidence of a relationship between the two that included only friendship, laughter, and education, but not love. A demonstration of this relationship would be when Pocahontas â€Å"participated in a class of mutual language instruction with John Smith.†2 In fact, it is from these lessons that Smith was able to write down the only full Powhatan sentences to ever be recorded. While there was no love between Smith and Pocahontas, historical evidence has shown that Smith thought about Pocahontas in sexual  ways. Actually, â€Å"council investigation openly acknowledged that he made lewd comments about her – or having even done things to her – in jokes, or in moments of sexual arousal.†3 The true love story in Pocah ontas occurred between John Rolfe and Pocahontas at the Jamestown settlement a few years after Smith had made contact with the Algonquian tribe. Unfortunately, Rolfe was not even represented in the first Pocahontas film. Another historical inaccuracy that can be seen in the Disney film is the physical depiction of both John Smith and Pocahontas. The film portrays Smith as a young, tall, blonde-haired, blue-eyed colonist who is charming and interested in protecting the Native Americans after coming into contact with Pocahontas. In contrast, historical evidence mentions that he was interested in control, and his intent was to subjugate the Native Americans so that â€Å"they could be made to work for their conquerors.†4 Smith was particularly interested in power and control over the Native Americans to further the cause in the New World for the English, which â€Å"unfortunately had passed the English by for at least a century.†5 Interestingly, Smith is portrayed in the film as being a young adult, of similar age to Pocahontas; however, in reality he was a middle-aged man with a large beard, and much older than Pocahontas.6 Smith is not the only person who was represented inaccurately by Disney in the film. Pocahontas is portrayed in the film as being a tall, beautiful, young adult who is free-spirited and passionate about nature. The most serious inaccuracy regarding Pocahontas is undoubtedly the fact that she is represented as a young adult, most likely around the age of twenty. According to historical records, Pocahontas, at the time of Smith’s arrival to the New World, was only ten years old.7 Additionally, the film depicts Pocahontas as being shocked and in awe of the English, however, evidence shows that â€Å"at no point did Powhatan, Pocahontas, or any of their people look on the strangers with wide-mouthed awe or consider them gods.†8 In fact, it is because of her young age that Townsend believes that â€Å"Powhatan and his advisors were hardly under her influence† when it came to policy decisions. Thus, her representation as a young adult is historically inaccurate and was clearly put in place to support the imaginary love story betwee n her and John Smith and make this fairy tale seem more believable. In Disney’s Pocahontas, it is evident that Powhatan desires Pocahontas to marry a Native American. In fact, the film even depicts Powhatan selecting Kocoom,  one of his strongest warriors, to be Pocahontas’ future husband. However, Townsend shines light on the idea that Powhatan did not have a strong preference about who Pocahontas married because Pocahontas’ mother lacked â€Å"political significance.†9 For this reason, any male child that Pocahontas was to bear would have not been placed in a seat of power, so it was not particularly necessary that she marry at all. As a result, she was given the choice of whom she wanted to marry. Interestingly, historical records indicate that Pocahontas â€Å"married a man named Kocoom, around the age of twelve or thirteen† and that â€Å"she must have liked him very much indeed.†10 So while the Disney film inaccurately portrayed Powhatan’s interest in Pocahontas’ love life, the film was able to successfully introduce Kocoom as a great warrior who had love for Pocahontas. Unfortunately, the film also inaccurately depicted a skirmish between Smith and Kocoom, which ultimately led to Kocoom’s death after being shot in the back. One thing historians are certain about is that Kocoom was the first husband of Pocahontas, however, â€Å"within a few years Kocoom seems to have disappeared.†11 The true story behind what exactly happened to Kocoom is up for debate, although many believe that he could have been killed in war, as he was a warrior for Powhatan. Another historical inaccuracy in Pocahontas is the portrayal of Powhatan as a person who practices monogamy. In fact, there are slight references in the film that Pocahontas’ mother had died, thus, making Powhatan a widow. While it is possible that Pocahontas’ mother died, historians know that Powhatan practiced polygamy regardless, due to the numerous amount of children he had. Through this sy stem, â€Å"whole clans of brothers and sisters had an obvious shared interest in remaining united and maintaining their family’s power.†12 In Townsend’s book, it is stated that in order to maintain rule over the tribes he conquered, Powhatan would â€Å"simply marry a woman of their royal family† because â€Å"a son conceived by her would grow up with loyalty to both his father and to his mother’s people.†13 To be ensured of this loyalty, the children were to be raised by Powhatan himself. The film also portrayed the inaccurate idea that Powhatan was interested in killing all of the colonists. In fact, what Powhatan really wanted was to gain metal tools as well as technology in the form of guns, knives, hatchets and pans; this is the reason why he made a deal John Smith.14 Townsend even included the fact that Powhatan was interested in  Ã¢â‚¬Å"establishing kinship ties as a means of ensuring his expanding control.†15 While Disney portrayed the story of Pocahontas inaccurately in many ways, some of the historical information was displayed in a correct manner. At the beginning of the film, the women of the tribe can be seen working in the fields. This, from the study of history, is accurate because we know that every member of the tribe worked in the village, even the royal family.16 Women could be seen dividing into groups in the morning; some would work the field, some would pick up firewood, and others would gather Tuckahoe to make flour.17 The film also depic ted the Native Americans’ telling of great stories that included the European conquests of parts of the New World. Being that Native American culture is passed down orally, historians can easily accept this idea that historical tales were told around campfires. Townsend explains that on an â€Å"ordinary evening, Pocahontas might have sat in the flickering light of torches and the central fire†¦listening to the older people tell stories.†18 While historians will never know exactly what Pocahontas was taught about her ancestry, it is safe to assume that there were many stories about the prior attempts of colonization that the â€Å"coat-wearers† had on their land. When analyzing the historical inaccuracies of the Disney film Pocahontas, it is important to keep in mind the audience that the film was created for. Disney undoubtedly created the film as a way to introduce the concept of Native Americans to children. In fact, one could argue that the primary audi ence that this film was intended for is between the ages of six and nine. As a result, Disney would not want to create a film that portrays all Europeans as power-hungry and eager to conquer the world in violent ways. After all, American children are more than likely living on land that belonged to the Native Americans at one time. It would not be favorable for Disney to illustrate the people around these children as a group who is interested in stealing from others. Disney hopes to teach kids about the importance of giving to others and keeping those you love close. Thus, this is why we see John Smith and Pocahontas as attractive role models who fall madly in love. Pocahontas was created to be a fairytale that portrayed the idea of ultimate love and happiness, not to show the utter destruction that the Native Americans and their land suffered from after contact with the Europeans. One could argue that Pocahontas was created to depict a peaceful transfer of lands from the Native Americans to  the European colonists through mutual agreement, an example of how inaccuracies about the true occurrence still persist today. Disney attempted to develop a film that introduced the history of Native Americans and the New World to young children through a simplistic story with a happy ending. However, this could become dangerous if the children who view the film do not receive proper education about the subject and continuously base facts off the film. In general, making a fictitious representation of true events could pass as unobjectionable in order to make a story more interesting for film. In the case of Pocahontas, when a story works to make the group that was truly at fault look innocent, issues arise in terms of proper education and the reinforcement of unjust myths. The film, Pocahontas, was undoubtedly filled with many historical inaccuracies, which have caused confusion about the realistic story of Pocahontas, but it did provide truthful, basic background information about Native American lifestyle at the time of the European conquest. I agree with Townsend that Pocahontas deserves for her true story to be known. However, I believe that creating a Disney film was not the best way to accomplish this, nor was it the goal of the company. Introducing the true interactions and agreements made between the Algonquian Native Americans and the European conquerors was not possible to do through an animated Disney film due to the typical audience of the film and the simplistic, family-oriented themes that Disney incorporates. American History classes provided in American schools, particularly in areas that have a strong historical Native American presence, are doing a better job of teaching students about the truthful atrocities that the European settlers created for the Native Americans. It is clear, however, that pop-culture may not be at the same level of educating society. Works Cited Townsend, Camilla. Pocahontas and the Powhatan Dilemma. New York: Hill and Wang, 2004. Pocahontas. Dir. Mike Gabriel. 1995. DVD.